Impact of FTA on international trade Research Paper - 3

Impact of FTA on international trade - Research Paper Example ble indicated the geographical distance between the largest cities of the countries involved in free trade agreements reflecting the intangible and tangible trade costs. The results were expected to be negative with a longer distance as the cost increased with distance (Braga and Mendez, 1983). Language and adjacency were the dummy variables that indicated trade costs such as transportation cost as well as cultural similarity. The adjacency variable indicated the value of unity of countries sharing a common border while language variable indicated the value of unity if common official languages shared among the involved countries. The binary variable FTA was important in capturing â€Å"the general FTA effect on trade flows.† The variables were constructed based on 22 regional trade agreements as well as 86 bilateral trade agreements up to 2006 (Chen and Tsai, 2005). The nested dummy variable is Timedum was used for capturing the external annual time effect at the period. The data was collected through primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data was collected by the help of observations and by conducting interviews; whereas the secondary data was collected from scholarly sources. The sample for estimation of the information includes 178 countries between the period of 1985 to 2005. For the study, the sample was constructed through expansion of the dataset as constructed by Rose (2005). The bilateral trade values, GDP per capital, distance, GDP, language and adjacency variables from the data were set and were expand using the International Financial statistics of IMF (international monetary fund) and the Direction of Trade Statistics. The trade data was taken from the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOT). The dummy variables, i.e., distance, language, Adjacency are kept constant for the study. In the estimation method, a structural change test was first conducted because the sample had a long time series dimension. The cumulative sum of recursive residual

Reflective journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective journal - Assignment Example Before her, many women lost their lives while bring new lives in to the world. Nurses had to go through a basic nursing training before specializing in midwifery as a post-basic course, a process that was quite lengthy. The contributions of Gaskin towards safe motherhood initiatives sensitized Americans about the rising rates of maternal death. In my view, the project was a great success as there was a sharp decline in mortality rates. Teenage pregnancy rate in America is among the highest in the industrialized world. I however, find her initiatives narrow and one-sided because the focus is on safe delivery and not on safe sex behavior. Ina Gaskin’s contributions have transformed midwifery into a specialized field of nursing. We now have more midwives and midwifery training schools. The focus of midwifery is now on prenatal, peri-natal and postnatal health of the mother and child. More women are now seeking specialized midwifery services. Nurses can now manage shoulder dystocia competently giving them a greater role. Ian May Gaskin transformed midwifery into a specialized distinct field by starting the direct midwifery training. This taught me that nursing could specialize more as a profession to give the nurses a greater role in health care. Gaskin’s development of Gaskin’s maneuver made me realize that nurses can play a greater role in managing difficult labor because the nurses were viewed to be competent in managing normal labor alone. With a good foundation laid by Gaskin, I intend to broaden the focus of midwifery to deal with difficult labor. This will be achieved by introduction of training modules and workshops for pre-service and in-service midwives on the management of difficult labor. This will ensure that as the numbers of midwives rise, their competency in managing labor is also